Kwekkeboom, K.L. (2003). Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30, 433–440.
This intervention was music versus simple distraction and control (treatment as usual).
The study reported on a sample of 58 patients with cancer having painful, cancer-related medical procedures.
A randomized controlled trial design was used.
There were no significant differences in post-procedure anxiety (no p values reported), pain, or perceived control across conditions.