National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2011). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Adult cancer pain [v. 2.2011]. Retrieved from http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pain.pdf
The guidelines recommend the following for management of opioid-induced constipation.
Preventive Measures:
If Constipation Occurs:
Persistent Constipation:
Recommendations were identified as having low-level evidence and uniform consensus.